chapter21

__ Chapter 21 http://xcpapus.wikispaces.com/chapter21__ _ Chapter in a sentence (or a haiku)-

Ameri-SPAINISH this is really outlandish literally: HAWAII! -Clare

 The asian econ; and the war with spain also made life really suck -michael miller

I say, lets expand anti-imperialist? well you gained support. -crystal (:

War is upon us. Imperialism rampant. The Philippines rock! -Jonathan Lo

Through the short-lived Spanish-American War, the U.S. acquired many Pacific islands strategically located for naval bases. (Mai Le)

With no room for economic growth at home, America sought foreign markets in Latin America and Asia through imperialism. -Laura Granillo

In this era of American history, the United States experiences a rapid expansion which eventually leads to war with the Spanish. (Stephen Perez)

In America war with Spain in 1898 was both welcomed and regreted by Americans it was a different war being shorter, and more personal than past wars and would describe the decsion of an overseas empire. -Eddie Rodriguez We both want harbors We both want samoa but who gets it now?(Taylor)

America’s desire toward outward expansion led to the conquest of important territories, new foreign policies, guerrilla warfare, and a battle against Spain. -Ana

The Maine in Ashes War of the island nations We owned the Spanish - Henry Go ATTENTION: Please hit the refresh button before editing... _ Rough Riders- who, purpose- 611-12 (john)
 * teddy roosevelts own regiment
 * mixture of ivy league athletes and western frontiersmen (ideal soldier, being able to fight and discuss poertry and stuff)
 * joined invasion army for cuba, had succcess
 * purpose- victory, glory, publicity

John A. Kasson- 613 (john)
 * an able and expiernced diplomat
 * said we "must turn out eyes abroad or they will soon look inward" i.e. keep people occupied with war so they dont notice bad stuff at home

U.S. Exports (1898)- 613 (john)
 * factories and farms multiplied producing more goods than domestic market could consume
 * looked over seas for new markets
 * 1898 exporterd more than imported lasted until 1960s

James G. Blaine- 613 (Laura Granillo)
 * Argued that foreign markets were essential for economic growth
 * Sought markets in Latin America, Asia and Africa using reciprocity agreements

Pan-American Union- 613, 617 (Laura Granillo)
 * Created to promote trade and exchange general information

Social Darwinism & expansion- 613(Laura Granillo)
 * The triumph of the fit and the elimination of the unfit
 * Justified English and Americans occupying every land on the globe

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Ernst Haeckel & John Fiske- 613

- Jonathan Lo vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv (0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o)(0_o) John W. Burgess- 613**
 * Haeckel
 * suggested the development of race paralleled development of the individual
 * therefore, less advanced people were stuck in adolescence or a child-like stage
 * Fiske
 * a popular writer and lecturer
 * argued for Anglo-Saxon racial superiority
 * due to natural selection
 * English and Americans would dominate the world
 * bring advances of commerce and democratic institutions upon less "civilized " places
 * http://www.jstor.org/pss/25080332
 * professor of political science at Columbia University
 * English were destined to impose political institutions upon the world

http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/john_burgess.html - Jonathan Lo (o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0)(o_0) @[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@ Josiah Strong- 613, 616 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Strong -Jonathan Lo @[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@@[T_T]@ __William H. Seward- views and policies- 616-17__ (Stephen Perez) · [] o Biography of William Seward
 * Congregational minister and expansionist
 * Suggested strength of developing ideas
 * overseas missionary work
 * Wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis
 * advocated Anglo superiority
 * Pushed an expansive foreign policy
 * At the time, Seward had 5 years of life left
 * Views
 * § American empire expanded to Latin America and shores of Asia
 * § Also Canada and Mexico
 * § Use Caribbean as bases to protect canal across the isthmus
 * § Hawaii and other islands as bases to Asia
 * · Farm and manufactured goods
 * Policies
 * Commercial treaty with Hawaii
 * Annexation of Midway Islands
 * Purchased Alaska from Russia
 * Thought Mexico City would be capital

__Hamilton Fish’s views- 617__ (Stephen Perez) · Did not want to extend into Caribbean and Pacific · Repair relations with Great Britain o Alabama claims § Payment from Britain for damages to Union ships caused by Confederate vessels which had been built and outfitted in British shipyards · Signed the Treaty of Washington to resolve these issues · Prompted independence of Cuba · Restive under Spanish rule · [] o Cartoon of Fish and Alabama claims

__Treaty of Washington- significance of arbitration- 617__ (Stephen Perez) · Provided for arbitration of the Alabama issue and other nettlesome controversies · A landmark in the peaceful settlement of international disputes o Marked a significant step in cementing Anglo-American relations · [] o Political cartoon of Treaty of Washington

James Blaine & Frederick T. Frelinghuysen- goals- 617 (Ana Granados) []
 * James Blaine
 * secretary of state under President James Garfield
 * laid extensive plans to establish closer commercial relations with Latin America
 * Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
 * Blaine's successor
 * changed Blaine's approach, not strategy
 * both wanted to find Caribbean markets for American goods
 * negotiated separate reciprocity treaties with Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, British West Indied, Santo Domingo, and Colombia
 * hoped to bind these countries to American interests

Inter-American Conference (1889)- 617 (Ana Granados)
 * supervisor: Blaine
 * delegates from 19 American nations negotiated several agreements to promote trade and create the International Bureau of the American Republics (later renamed the Pan-American Union for the exchange of general info, including poltical, scientific, and cultural knowledge)
 * conference led to later meetings promoting trade and other meetings

[]

reciprocity- Latin America- 617 (Ana Granados) []
 * **(hoped by Harrison & Blaine) would divert Latin American trade from Europe to the U.S.**
 * reciprocity provision within McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
 * negotiated reciprocity treaties with most Latin American nations
 * fail to foster hoped-for-trade due to depression of 1890'

Richard Olney- 617-jess bolda secritary of state. urged britain to arbitrate the dispute drafted a stiff diplomtic note affirming the monroe docterine british foreign secritary rejected olney's arguements. cleveland and olney had persuaed GB to recognize the US's dominance (britain backs off) increased american influence in Latin America. Monroe doctern assumed new importance. 1896 Treaty of Arbitration- 618-jess bolda Great Brittain and Venezuela divided the disputed territory cleveland rarely consulted venezula (us acted unilateraly) Demonstrated a growing determination to exert american power in the western hemisphere. Crossroads of the Pacific- 618
 * islands of hawaii offered a way station to asian markets
 * trading ships of many nations stopped there
 * missionaries

reciprocity treaty of 1875- 618
 * allowed hawaii sugar to enter the US free of duty and bound the hawaiin monarchy to make no territorial or economic consessions to other powers
 * increased hawaiian economic dependence on US

Treaty of 1877- 618
 * this new treaty reaffirmed the arangements of the previous treaty and granted US access of Pearl harbor

Queen Liliuokalani- 618 John L. Stevens- 618 Hawaiian annexation (1893)- 618 Hawaiian annexation (1898)- 619 Pago Pago Agreements- 619 []
 * Granted the US the use/control of Pago Pago
 * a harbor on the samoan islands to use as a naval station
 * bound the US to settle disputes between samoan cheifs and foreign governments as long as they agreed to follow US control

1899 Samoan Agreement- 619 []

 NAVAL ADVISORY BOARD (Clare O’Flynn) -In the 1870’s U.S. Navy had almost no power ---So, in 1880’s Naval Advisory Board is created. It funded, at first, 4 steel ships and eventually grew to fund more ships with better trained personnel. Not only was the U.S. navy strengthening their defense, but also their offense with more steel ships equipped with weaponry. -2 main forces behind the navy: Alfred Thayer Mahan Benjamin F. Tracy  ALFRED THAYER MAHAN(Clare) -thought that industrialism produced surpluses of agricultural and manufactured goods for which markets must be found. --So, he then said that a large merchant marine/navy was required to protect it. He argued that in order to gain power the U.S. must expand. He was in great favor of bases/harbors being built, linking the East coast to the Pacific (Hawaii) BENJAMIN F. TRACY(Clare) -organized Bureau of construction and repair to design and build new ships. -made naval reserve and first submarine, also first heavy rapid fire guns and armor. -joined big navy advocates in congress to push for a far ranging battleship fleet able to attack enemies. -In accordance with Alfred Thayer Mahan, eventually expanded and trained the U.S. navy so well, it was ranked 4th in the world.
 * U.S and Germany divided Samoa
 * U.S kept Pago Pago (important port)
 * Germany took many other islands

War with Spain- America showed its dominance and rid the caribbean of the Spanish. Spain had wooden ships and older technology. They had no chance at winning the war. -Patrick Herling

General Weyler -Spanish Commander -Demanded that rebels lay down their arms in ten days. -He planned to have a "reconstruction" policy moving the natives into camps and destroying the rebells -Patrick Herling

Battleship Maine- 623 John Hay- 623 fighting units by town- 624 black-white tensions- 625 Black-White Tensions -**as units were put together, it created racial tension -it was reflective of US society**

“smoked Yankees”- 625 -most were posted in the west -no eastern community would accept them -they fought with distinction** []
 * -black soldiers who served in the war

Military Information Division- 626 Manila Bay (1898)- 626

Guantanamo Bay- 626 (Neyer) -Seized by U.S. marines -served as a great South of the island harbor -naval refueling depot -a Caribbean base BETTER THAN NOTHING http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS0CrmHYLFITreaty of Paris (1898)- 629 Treaty of Paris- 629 (Neyer) -$20 million payment offer to Spain -U.S. makes minor concessions to Spain -Spain leaves and gives U.S. holdings -SPain agreed to: a)assume the Cuban debt b)recognize Cuba's independence c)cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S. NOTHING BUT BAND LINKS

Anti-Imperialist League- 629 (crystal gutierrez) -fought against peace treaty in phillipeans -didnt want "mix races' - 30000 members and over a half million contributors -believed taking Phillipeans violated American principles of independence and self)determination -local leagues formed in big cities such as Boston, Philidelphia, NY, etc.

As the American frontier “closed,” many in America pushed for new frontiers of an empire for exploration, settlement, and new markets. -Antone Scala Philippine-American War- 630 ANTONE SCALA · War between US and Spain-lasted a few months, Filipinos helped because they thought they would gain independence · After US defeats Spain, McKinley states that the Philipines “are not ready for self government” · Filipinos turn on US-4,300 US dead; 50,000-200,000 Filipinos dead- lasted over 3 years Emilio Aguinaldo-630 · Filipino leader in anti-Spanish resistance · Shifted to guerilla tactics vs. US after leading an army over Spain · Remnants of Filipino army [] guerilla warfare- 630 · US control during day, guerillas control at night · Guerilla attacks, then hide in forests or nearby villages · US-brutal retaliation- herd people into protected zones, destroyed rural areas outside of zone


 * Taft in Philippines- 631 (Mai Le)**
 * Establish civil government for Philippines
 * organized municipal administrations (city governments)
 * July 4, 1901
 * Taft was named civilian governor of the islands (with final authority)
 * http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=990DEFDB1E3AE733A25753C3A9679C946597D6CF


 * Taft Commission- 631 (Mai Le)**
 * Goal = transition to full Filipino independence
 * Built infrastructure
 * schools
 * roads
 * courts
 * healthcare
 * etc.
 * Encouraged Filipino political participation
 * July 4, 1946: Filipino independence
 * http://www.philippine-history.org/taft-commission.htm

Supreme Court & citizenship- 632 -(Eddie Rodriguez)
 * "the Constitution followed the flag"
 * aqquired possessions part of the nation entitled people to constitutional guarantees.
 * granted only "fundamental" constitutional guarantees, not "formal" privilages.
 * Series of cases 1901-1904 (De Lima vs Bidwell, Dooley vs US)
 * Court decides Constitution not automatically apply to people of annexed territory.
 * Hawaiins granted territorial status and given US citizenship. (1900)
 * Same for Alaska and made territory in 1912.

Foraker Act of 1900- 632-(Eddie Rodriguez)
 * established civil (limited popular) government in Puerto Rico.
 * established Puerto Rican citizenship
 * []

Gen. Leonard Wood- 633(crystal gutierrez) -commander of US army in Cuba until 1902 -wanted to give cubans good school systems, fix their ports, and get them on their feet -he conducted municipal electioins, helped them adapt a constitution and improve relations with the US []

michael
 * aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa**

Platt Amendment- 633 
 * created US involvement in cuba
 * did NOT put cuba as part of the us, and promised it never would
 * established guantanamo bay
 * []

Dr. Walter Reed- 633 
 * military surgeon, late 19th century, early 20th
 * went to cuba to study disease there
 * he cured yellow fever
 * and then he died of appendicitis in 1902

Open Door Policy- 633 
 * says: do not use your spheres of influence in china
 * feared us's economic interests would be hurt in china now that they have the Philippines
 * failed b/c of secret treaties