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__ some awesome information [|eCommerce Training Courses]Chapter 20 __ __http://xcpapus.wikispaces.com/__ Do not delete Michael Miller's stuff. -Mr. Haven _ __**Chapter in a sentence (or a haiku):**__



A depression here Which to choose, silver or gold? Silly populists! Michael Miller

Economic depression dominated the 1890s and reshaped political alignments and attitudes. -Antone Scala

From the years 1870-1900, the United States experienced many political adjustments such as the bimetallic system and populist movement that eventually would bring the country into economic depression. (Stephen Perez)

In the 1890's an economic depression lead to desperate measures and political change, but imperialism not reform was the dominate factor by the end of the 1800's. -Eddie Rodriguez

Political change led not only to the populist movement, but also to economic downfall and an increase in unemployment and general unhappiness. (crystal gutierrez)

The depression of the 1890's effected American attitudes toward government and led to political realignments that established new patterns of thought. -Laura Granillo

The Populist Party got Cleveland into office right before the Panic of 1893 causing the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which resulted in nothing but the general hatred of the population. -Henry Go

The on-going transition of government power caused economic problems which led to the Populist movement along with the crisis of the depression. -Ana Granados

Populists throughout! Snap! A depression is born! Now work becomes scarce... -Jonathan Lo

American Life The crisis of the depression Changing attitudes (taylor)

Political Change Economic Depression Reshaped Attitudes -Jessica Bolanos

Republicans rule a billion dollar country McKinley for pres. -Molly

NWSA- 584 Minor vs. Happersett- 584 Williams vs. Mississippi- 585 grandfather clause- 585 Democrats- small government/ Republicans- big government- 585 close elections in 1870s & 1880s- 585

“doubtful states”- late 1880s- 585 (Ana Granados) []
 * states that are "doubtful" when it comes to electing a political party
 * (1880's)New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Ohio, and Illinois
 * main focus of politician

Munn vs. Illinois (1877)- 586 (Ana Granados) []
 * deals with corporate rates and agriculture
 * Munn- allow states to regulate certain businesses within borders (ex. railroads)
 * Supreme Court decision: private property "affected with the public interest... must submit to being controlled by the public for the common good."

Interstate Commerce Act & Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)- 586 (Ana Granados) []
 * ICC- first true federal regulatory agency
 * designed investiage and oversee railroad activies
 * shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just"
 * rates had to be published
 * secret rebates were outlawed
 * price discrimination against small markets was made illegal

Hayes- silver veto- 586 -Hayes wanted to revive the republican party in the South, so he thought of a sound currency, vetoing the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Bill. Pendleton Act- 587 -President Arthur wanted to lower the tarriff, so congress passed the Pendelton Act to reform the civil service. Election of 1888- 587-88 -Harrison won the presidency -significant because Cleveland gathered ninety thousand more popular votes than Harrison but won the electoral votes of only two northern states and the South McKinley Tarriff Act- 588 [] (taylor) Sherman Antitrust Act- 588 (taylor) US vs. EC Knight Co.- (1895)- 588
 * The tariff was detrimental to the American farmers.
 * set the tarriff rate on all imports at 48.4% and benefited manufacturing.
 * drove up the prices of farm equipment (since wages and imported components were more expensive) and failed to halt sliding agricultural prices, possibly since there wasn't much competition with imported goods since American agricultural produce was already cheaper than imports
 * first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts
 * Prior to its enactment, various states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses.
 * regulate interstate commerce, declared illegal every contract, combination (in the form of trust or otherwise), or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade
 * A fine of $5,000 and imprisonment for one year were set as the maximum penalties for violating the act.
 * authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them, but Supreme Court rulings prevented federal authorities from using the act for some years
 * AKA the sugar Trust act
 * was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies
 * The question the court had to answer was, "could the Sherman Antitrust Act suppress a monopoly in the manufacture of a good, as well as its distribution
 * Under the Knight decision, any action against manufacturing combinations would need to be taken by individual states, making such regulation more difficult.

(taylor) __Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890- 589__ (Stephen Perez) http://dollardaze.org/blog/posts/2006/November/12/1/usdollarcomparison.jpg
 * directed Treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver a month
 * issue legal tender in the form of Treasury notes in payment for it
 * Treasury notes could be cashed for either gold or silver at the bank
 * bimetallic system!
 * Pleased both sides?
 * Opponents of silver
 * happy that it did not include free coinage
 * Silverites
 * happy that the monthly purchases would buy up most of the country's silver production
 * Treasury Notes compared to Dollar Bills today

__“force bill”- 589__ (Stephen Perez) http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D05EFD81538E233A25754C2A9609C94639ED7CF
 * federal elections bill used to protect the voting rights of blacks in the South
 * passed by Republicans
 * named by Democrats
 * believed it would station army troops in the South
 * because of Democrats complaints, the bill was not passed in Senate
 * attempt to enforce the Fifteenth Ammendment
 * Article concerning the "force bill"

__1890 elections- who won- Dems- 589__ (Stephen Perez) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1890
 * Republicans lost?
 * lost 78 seats in the House
 * upset citizens
 * enlarged government authority, they had passed state laws prohitibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages, requiring the closing of businesses on Sunday, and mandating the use of English in the public and parochial schools
 * Democrats Won!
 * Further Information concerning the Election of 1890

Billion Dollar Congress- 589 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_United_States_Congress [Jonathan Lo]
 * The 51st Congress of America
 * Began right after McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
 * Reason for name:
 * Approximated that about $1 billion would be needed to meet the increase in national spending

populism- 589 [Jonathan Lo] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism
 * The people’s party
 * Made up of farmers mostly
 * Usually people believed the depression was caused by Eastern financial interests
 * Farmers’ Alliances came up during hard times
 * Many met in Dec 1890, but feared that splitting the Democratic Party would problems
 * Reasons for the beginning of Populism
 * The Sherman Silver Purchase Act
 * Did not help currency expansion
 * Republicans in Congress didn’t want to support a bill that would enforce civil rights in the South
 * Argument for starting populism
 * Southern white farmers and blacks were both suffering from the same enemies

farmers’ main complaints- 589-90
 * Improved transportation
 * Allowed competition
 * Even worse, railroads had unfair practices such as rebates and drawbacks
 * Agricultural Discontent
 * The deflation in prices hurt farmers
 * Government
 * They didn’t want to support a bill to enforce civil rights in the South
 * Populists wanted unlimited coinage of silver and an increase in money supply

http://www.cyberessays.com/History/152.html
[Jonathan Lo]

“hayseeds”- 590 (Jessica Bolanos) · 1889 derogatory term for farmers · Symbolizes the public perception of farms being secondary to cities · This term was not a compliment!

National Farmers’ Alliance (aka Northwestern Alliance)- 590-91 (Jessica Bolanos) · Located on the Plains west of the Mississippi · A smaller organization · Objectives were similar to those of the Southern Alliance o Except it disagreed with the Southerners’ emphasis on secrecy, centralized control, and separate organizations for blacks

Farmers Alliance & Industrial Union (aka Southern Alliance)- 591 (Jessica Bolanos) · Based in the South · Agents spread across the South where farmers were fed up with crop liens, depleted lands, and sharecropping · Claimed more than a million members o Welcomed to membership the farmers’ “natural friends” o Excluded lawyers, bankers, cotton merchants, and warehouse operators · Cooperative enterprises blossomed in the South, designed to bring farmers together to make greater profits

Dr. Charles W. Macune- 591 (**john**) [] Colored Farmers’ National Alliance & Cooperative Union(1889)- 591 (**john**)
 * took over leadership in 1886 of the southern alliance
 * began to assume major proportions when he took leadership
 * loosely affliliated with southern alliance
 * establsihed black farmers in the south
 * claimed to have more than 1mil members but most likely had 1/4 that

Ben Patterson (**john**)
 * thirty year old picker who led strike to raise wages near memphis tennesse.
 * they walked off plantations but a posse hunted them down and after violence on both sides lynched 15 pickers even patterson
 * this strike ended the colored farmers alliance

National Farmers Alliance & Industrial Union (1889)- 591 (Jessica Bolanos) · Mainly sponsored social and economic programs · Turned early to politics o In west, leaders rejected both the Republicans and Democrats and organized their own party <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Populist Party <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o In South, resisted the idea of a new party for fear it might divide the white vote <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Democratic Party <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Leonidas L. Polk was the president <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o Believed in scientific farming and cooperative action <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The Alliance adopted the Ocala Demands (the platform the organization pushed as long as it existed) <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o Called for the creation of a “sub-treasury system” <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-list: Ignore; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o Urged free coinage of silver, an end to protective tariffs and national banks, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators by voters instead of state legislatures, and tighter regulation of railroad companies


 * []

Thomas E. Watson- 592--Molly
 * a talented orator and organizer who urged Georgia Farmers to unite both black and white against their oppressors
 * helped head the Southern Alliance

Leonidas Polk- 592--Molly
 * president of National Farmer's Alliance
 * believed in scientific farming and cooperative action

Jeremiah Simpson- 592--Molly
 * follower of reformer Henry George
 * pushed for major social and economic change

Mary E. Lease- 592--Molly Ocala Demands (1890)- 592 People’s Party/ populist- 592 James B. Weaver- 592 Panic of 1893- causes- 593 jesssicabolda not enough gold for amount of cash demaned by publ;ic massve stock sell off Industrial Black Friday- 593 stocj crash leds to mass panic
 * helped head a movement open to female leadership
 * called farmers to rise against Wall street and Industrial East ( urban establishment) []

1894- depression- 594 (Laura Granillo)

Economic Depression []
 * Over three million unemployed
 * unemployed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">became restless and angry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">became very critical of the government
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">started talk of revolution and bloodshed

1894- strikes- 594 (Laura Granillo)
 * Coxey's march drew nation wide attention
 * Small armies of the unemployed sprang up
 * headed to washington to persuade the government to provide jobs and relief
 * Pullman worker strike largest in U.S. history

Jacob Coxey- purpose/ goals- 594 (Mai Le)
 * Goals
 * Wanted Congress to pass Coxey Goods Roads bill
 * Federal finance of road construction to create jobs for the unemployed
 * Actions
 * Marched from Massillon, Ohio to Washington (Capitol building)
 * Coxey arrested and "army" dispersed without physical violence
 * Indicative of the discontent felt by many
 * http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=70

Pullman Strike- 595(clare) In Chicago, the infamous **Pullman Strike**, led by **American Railway Union** leader **Eugene V. Debs**, was a violent flare-up but just one of the many that occurred.
 * 1) Cleveland Crushes the Pullman Strike
 * 1) The **Pullman Palace Car Company** had been hit hard by the depression had been forced to cut wages about one-third.
 * 2) In the opinion of Illinois governor **John Peter Atgeld**, who had pardoned the Haymarket Riot anarchists the year before, the riot was serious but not out of hand.
 * 3) However, Attorney General **Richard Olney** felt that the strikers were interfering with U.S. mail delivery to Chicago, and he ordered federal troops to crush the strike…leading to controversy.
 * 4) Labor unions began to think that employers and even the U.S. government were out to shut the unions down, and were incensed.
 * 1) Labor unions began to think that employers and even the U.S. government were out to shut the unions down, and were incensed.


 * old miners- pre 1890 English Irish immigrants- spoke English
 * new miners-post 1890 Italian Polish immigrants- "birds of passage"
 * As depression got worse, tensions increased, new immigrants blamed for incidents


 * http://www.umwa.org
 * []


 * New miners more prone to violence in order to win strike
 * Depression hit immigrants especially hard- frustration and anger
 * Old miners move on to other professions
 * American public shocked at violence, ban Italian anarchists


 * wanted to curb immigration
 * urged Congress to stop "the demoralizing effects of immigration"
 * old miners voted Populist


 * New Populist Party
 * effected results of election
 * forced Democrats to conform to Populist policies
 * populist party members defected to Democrats
 * Helped Democrats win (Cleveland)


 * Cleveland blamed Panic of 1893 on Sherman Silver Purchase Act
 * Suppose to be the solution of the Panic of 1893


 * Repeal did not bring economic revival
 * Effects
 * Democrats confined to South
 * Helped Republicans become majority party
 * Silverite Democrats hated Cleveland


 * Silver symbol of Democratic Party
 * Silver symbol of internationl independence.
 * 1894-1896: Sentiment for coinage of free silver dominated the South and West.
 * Populist and Silverites advocated silver shoul be a monetary standerd.(Gold)
 * Silverites saw coinage of silver as only cure for economic depression.
 * 16:1 Ratio- ratio of sixteen ounces of silver equal to value of one ounce of gold.
 * []

-McKinley and congress brought together July 1987 -passed a revision for a tarrif now known as Dingley Tarriff -raised average tarriff duties to a new high -made in order to regulate control -rebupblicans not very pleased(crystal gutierrez)
 * __Dingley Tarrif__**

- declared gold the official standard, disregarding the silver scandal [] (crystal gutierrez)
 * __Gold Standard Act__**
 * -** in 1900 McKinley administration passed this act

-September 6, 1901 -McKinely was at a Pan-American exposition in Buffalo - an unemployed laborer and anarchist, Leon Czolgosz shot the president -Sept 4, 1901 McKinley dies, Teddy Rooosevelt becomes president (crystal gutierrez)
 * __McKinley's Assasination__**

Michael Miller William Jennings Bryan- 605 Bryan’s campaign- 606
 * This was one bad dude.
 * He hated gold, yo. He figured that it would kill the farmers, with a cross of gold, and stuff.
 * But everyone that he was crazy, dig? The dirty repubs slandered him, calling him names. Jerks.
 * All the democrats hated him too. People never respect their elders.
 * The newspapers, and not just The Onion, all of the democratic ones, slandered him
 * he still won, take that
 * but then the repubs called him a crazy superstitious nut, which may have been true, but that was WRONG, ya see? they never should have gone on like that, jerks, we should set those guys on fire man what MEANFACES
 * http://s202.photobucket.com/albums/aa70/patriotsblade/?action=view¤t=Republicans-on-fire.gif